Although the quest to sequence a human genome began in 1990, the techniques it used had already been in development for more than twenty years. And those DNA sequencing methods, in turn, were directly inspired by protein and RNA sequencing research stretching all the way back to the 1940s.
Nyren’s sequencing method earned the name “pyrosequencing” since it revolved around the production of pyrophosphate. At first, pyrosequencing could sequence only short DNA snippets, with a few nucleotides. In 1996, however, Nyren’s lab demonstrated sequencing of up to 15 bases by using a modified “A” nucleotide to reduce their signal-to-noise ratio.7 In 1998, they increased this to 34 bases by adding another enzyme, called apyrase, to the mix; apyrase degraded unincorporated nucleotides, removing the need for constant wash steps.，更多细节参见heLLoword翻译官方下载
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This was less than reassuring. As was the sight of Swenson’s glider—a dinged-up, silver-and-orange craft that looked like some kids had built it in their junior-high rocketry club. Nevertheless, we were soon in the air. Griffler’s plane towed us high above the foothills on a thin gray rope. There was a bang, the rope fell away, and we were floating free at ten thousand feet.，这一点在safew官方版本下载中也有详细论述
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